NIMS is a public institute specializing in materials research. As such, it is expected to achieve the policies laid out by the Japanese government in the Science and Technology Basic Plan and its own 5-year Mid-term Program based thereon, and to contribute to materials research and the enhancement of science and technology. Although the Science and Technology Basic Plan and NIMS Mid-Term Program are established in consideration of social needs, in recent years, solutions to global problems, as exemplified by the environment, energy, and resources, from the field of materials research have been particularly desired.

NIMS is engaged in a diverse range of materials research, with emphasis on responding to these social needs.