Operando Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Operando Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Operando soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy enables in situ observation of changes in the electronic structure of oxygen and in the d-orbital occupancy of 3d transition metals during charge and discharge. By quantitatively evaluating the contributions of oxygen anion redox and transition-metal redox, this technique helps elucidate the reaction mechanisms of cathode active materials and supports the development of design guidelines for high-capacity, high-durability materials.

Operando cell

Operando cell

Example of anion redox measurement in a Li-rich system

Other Protocols