32Abstract Solar cells, which convert sunlight into electricity, are essential for realizing a sustainable energy future without carbon emissions. To meet the rapidly growing, terawatt-scale energy demand of the 21st century, solar technologies must achieve both high power conversion efficiency and low cost per watt. Prior to the emergence of perovskite solar cells, very few material systems could simultaneously satisfy these stringent criteria. This presentation outlines the scientific journey that led to the discovery of the first practical solid-state perovskite solar cell. Early efforts focused on replacing organic dyes in liquid-junction solar cells with inorganic quantum dots such as nanocrystalline lead sulfide, which offered better light absorption. However, severe surface defect recombination limited their performance. To overcome this, methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) perovskite was introduced as a novel light harvester. Although initial studies in 2009 using MAPbI3 in liquid-electrolyte-based configurations achieved only 3–4% efficiency with operational lifetimes of just minutes due to dissolution in polar solvents, this material showed unique promise. In 2012, we reported a breakthrough solid-state perovskite solar cell employing MAPbI3 and a solid hole-transporting material (spiro-OMeTAD), achieving 9.7% efficiency and over 500 hours of operational stability. This seminal work marked the birth of a new class of photovoltaics and sparked explosive global research activity. Since then, efficiencies have surpassed 27%, rivaling the best conventional technologies. Current efforts are focused on enhancing device stability and developing tandem architectures for both terrestrial and space applications. With continued progress in long-term stability and lead encapsulation, perovskite solar cells are believed to become one of the most impactful and scalable solutions for global clean energy deployment.Discovery of Practical Perovskite Solar CellsNam-Gyu ParkUniversity, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea NIMS Award Winning Lecture 3Lifetime Distinguished Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
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