14NIMS Award 2023 - Abstract1.85 billion tons of steel are produced per year, making it the most important alloy in terms of volume and impact. While steel is a sustainability enabler, through lightweight car parts, wind farms and magnets, its primary production is the opposite. Its reduction from oxides by use of fossil carbon carriers produces 2t CO2/t of steel, qualifying it as the largest single cause of global warming [1].The presentation introduces basic research questions associated with producing steel more sustainably, particularly with lower CO2 emissions [1-5]. It opens a critical discussion on the question what the basic science topics behind green steel making are and which key research questions must be tackled, to reinvent a 3000-year-old industry within a few years, considering both, advanced experimental and in-situ experiments [2-4] as well as theory and simulations [5]. Also it is discussed which reduction methods are the most promising ones and which scientific bottleneck questions must be solved to make Green Steel become reality. Therefore, the presentation addresses some recent progress and open issues in understanding the key mechanisms of hydrogen-based direct reduction and hydrogen-based plasma reduction including topics such as the kinetics of the solid state and plasma-based reduction reactions, mass transport kinetics, nucleation during the multiple phase transformations, the oxide’s chemistry and microstructure, as well as the roles of plasticity, damage and fracture associated with the phase transformation [6].[1] Raabe D, Tasan CC, Olivetti EA. Strategies for improving the sustainability of structural metals. Nature. 2019 Nov; 575 (7781): 64-74. [2] SH Kim, X Zhang, Y Ma, IR Souza Filho, K Schweinar, et al. Influence of microstructure and atomic-scale chemistry on the direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen at 700° C, Acta Materialia, 2021[3] IR Souza Filho, Y Ma, M Kulse, D Ponge, B Gault, et al. Sustainable steel through hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ore: Process, kinetics, microstructure, chemistry, Acta Materialia, 2021[4] Souza Filho IR, Springer H, Ma Y, Mahajan A, da Silva CC, Kulse M, et al. Green steel at its crossroads: Hybrid hydrogen-based reduction of iron ores. J Clean Prod 2022;340:130805. [5] Bai, Y. et al. Chemo-Mechanical Phase-Field Modeling of Iron Oxide Reduction with Hydrogen. Acta Mater. 231, 117899 (2022).[6] D. Raabe The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys. Che123(5):2436–2608 (2023).“The Materials Science Behind Hydrogen-Based Green Steel Making”Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, GermanyWinning LectureNIMS Award Symposium 2023Dierk Raabem. Rev.
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